Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境,这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。
Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架(包括大多数 Python 的框架)有着明显的区别:它是非阻塞式服务器,而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用,Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接,这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说,Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。(关于如何扩容 服务器,以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题,请参阅 C10K problem。)
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python plain">pip install tornado
python plain">源码安装
python spaces">
python plain">https:
python keyword">/
python keyword">/
python plain">pypi.python.org
python keyword">/
python plain">packages
python keyword">/
python plain">source
python keyword">/
python plain">t
python keyword">/
python plain">tornado
python keyword">/
python plain">tornado
python keyword">-
python value">4.3
python plain">.tar.gz
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一、快速上手
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.ioloop
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.web
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">"Hello, world"
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">application
python keyword">=
python plain">tornado.web.Application([
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/index"
python plain">, MainHandler),
python plain">])
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">__name__
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">"__main__"
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">application.listen(
python value">8888
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口
第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import gen import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @asynchronous @gen.coroutine def get(self): print 'start get ' http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) self.write('end') def callback(self, response): print response.body settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.ioloop
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.web
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">"Hello, world"
python plain">)
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">, story_id):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">"You requested the story "
python keyword">+
python plain">story_id)
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">"buy.wupeiqi.com/index"
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">application
python keyword">=
python plain">tornado.web.Application([
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/index"
python plain">, MainHandler),
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/story/([0-9]+)"
python plain">, StoryHandler),
python plain">])
python spaces">
python plain">application.add_handlers(
python string">'buy.wupeiqi.com$'
python plain">, [
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">'/index'
python plain">,BuyHandler),
python plain">])
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">__name__
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">"__main__"
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">application.listen(
python value">80
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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三、模板
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {%
和 %}
包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}
。表达语句是使用 {{
和 }}
包起来的,例如 {{ items[0] }}
。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if
、for
、while
和 try
,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %}
做标记。还通过 extends
和 block
语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template
模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> </div> {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
{% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %} <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %} {% block RenderBody %} <h1>Index</h1> <ul> {% for item in li %} <li>{{item}}</li> {% end %} </ul> {% end %} {% block JavaScript %} {% end %}
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.ioloop
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.web
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.render(
python string">'home/index.html'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">settings
python keyword">=
python plain">{
python spaces">
python string">'template_path'
python plain">:
python string">'template'
python plain">,
python plain">}
python spaces">
python plain">application
python keyword">=
python plain">tornado.web.Application([
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/index"
python plain">, MainHandler),
python plain">],
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">settings)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">__name__
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">"__main__"
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">application.listen(
python value">80
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:
escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名xhtml_escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名url_escape
:tornado.escape.url_escape
的別名json_encode
:tornado.escape.json_encode
的別名squeeze
:tornado.escape.squeeze
的別名linkify
:tornado.escape.linkify
的別名datetime
: Python 的datetime
模组handler
: 当前的RequestHandler
对象request
:handler.request
的別名current_user
:handler.current_user
的別名locale
:handler.locale
的別名_
:handler.locale.translate
的別名static_url
: forhandler.static_url
的別名xsrf_form_html
:handler.xsrf_form_html
的別名
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule,我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能:
1、定义
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# uimethods.py def tab(self): return 'UIMethod'
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from tornado.web import UIModule from tornado import escape class custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
2、注册
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> {% module custom(123) %} {{ tab() }} </body>
四、实用功能
1、静态文件
对于静态文件,可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀,并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('home/index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(80) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> </body> </html>
备注:静态文件缓存的实现
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
def get_content_version(cls, abspath): """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. .. versionadded:: 3.1 """ data = cls.get_content(abspath) hasher = hashlib.md5() if isinstance(data, bytes): hasher.update(data) else: for chunk in data: hasher.update(chunk) return hasher.hexdigest()
2、csrf
Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似,跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
settings = { "xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<form action="/new_message" method="post"> {{ xsrf_form_html() }} <input type="text" name="message"/> <input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
function getCookie(name) { var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b"); return r ? r[1] : undefined; } jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", success: function(response) { callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); }}); };
注:Ajax使用时,本质上就是去获取本地的cookie,携带cookie再来发送请求
3、cookie
Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作,并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。
a、基本操作
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!")
b、签名
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!") application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) for part in parts: hash.update(utf8(part)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) hash.update(utf8(s)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, key_version=None): if version is None: version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION if clock is None: clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) if version == 1: signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) return value elif version == 2: # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including # the final pipe. # # The fields are: # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) # - key version (integer, default is 0) # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) # - value (base64-encoded) # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) def format_field(s): return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) to_sign = b"|".join([ b"2", format_field(str(key_version or 0)), format_field(timestamp), format_field(name), format_field(value), b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict): assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) return to_sign + signature else: raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") if len(parts) != 3: return None signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) return None timestamp = int(parts[1]) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) return None if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", value) return None if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) return None try: return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) except Exception: return None def _decode_fields_v2(value): def _consume_field(s): length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') n = int(length) field_value = rest[:n] # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") rest = rest[n + 1:] return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): try: key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict): try: secret = secret[key_version] except KeyError: return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): return None if name_field != utf8(name): return None timestamp = int(timestamp) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: # The signature has expired. return None try: return base64.b64decode(value_field) except Exception: return None def get_signature_key_version(value): value = utf8(value) version = _get_version(value) if version < 2: return None try: key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None return key_version
签名Cookie的本质是:
写cookie过程:
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
读cookie过程:
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密,获取值内容
注:许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) if login_user: self.write(login_user) else: self.redirect('/login') class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get_current_user(self): return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") class MainHandler(BaseHandler): @tornado.web.authenticated def get(self): login_user = self.current_user self.write(login_user) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
4、Ajax上传文件
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <input type="file" id="img" /> <input type="button" οnclick="UploadFile();" /> <script> function UploadFile(){ var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("post", '/index', true); xhr.send(form); } </script> </body> </html>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): file_metas = self.request.files["fff"] # print(file_metas) for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8000) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); $.ajax({ type:'POST', url: '/index', data: form, processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType success: function(arg){ console.log(arg); } })
五、扩展功能
1、自定义Session
a.知识储备
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">Foo(
python functions">object
python plain">):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__getitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key):
python spaces">
python functions">print
python string">'__getitem__'
python plain">,key
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__setitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key, value):
python spaces">
python functions">print
python string">'__setitem__'
python plain">,key,value
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__delitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key):
python spaces">
python functions">print
python string">'__delitem__'
python plain">,key
python spaces">
python spaces">
python spaces">
python plain">obj
python keyword">=
python plain">Foo()
python plain">result
python keyword">=
python plain">obj[
python string">'k1'
python plain">]
python comments">#obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi'
python comments">#del obj['k1']
|
b.session实现机制
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.ioloop
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.web
python keyword">from
python plain">hashlib
python keyword">import
python plain">sha1
python keyword">import
python plain">os, time
python spaces">
python plain">session_container
python keyword">=
python plain">{}
python spaces">
python plain">create_session_id
python keyword">=
python keyword">lambda
python plain">: sha1(
python string">'%s%s'
python keyword">%
python plain">(os.urandom(
python value">16
python plain">), time.time())).hexdigest()
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">Session(
python functions">object
python plain">):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python plain">session_id
python keyword">=
python string">"__sessionId__"
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__init__(
python color1">self
python plain">, request):
python spaces">
python plain">session_value
python keyword">=
python plain">request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python keyword">not
python plain">session_value:
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">._id
python keyword">=
python plain">create_session_id()
python spaces">
python keyword">else
python plain">:
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">._id
python keyword">=
python plain">session_value
python spaces">
python plain">request.set_cookie(Session.session_id,
python color1">self
python plain">._id)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__getitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key):
python spaces">
python keyword">return
python plain">session_container[
python color1">self
python plain">._id][key]
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__setitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key, value):
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">session_container.has_key(
python color1">self
python plain">._id):
python spaces">
python plain">session_container[
python color1">self
python plain">._id][key]
python keyword">=
python plain">value
python spaces">
python keyword">else
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">session_container[
python color1">self
python plain">._id]
python keyword">=
python plain">{key: value}
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__delitem__(
python color1">self
python plain">, key):
python spaces">
python keyword">del
python plain">session_container[
python color1">self
python plain">._id][key]
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">initialize(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python comments"># my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.my_session
python keyword">=
python plain">Session(
python color1">self
python plain">)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainHandler(BaseHandler):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python functions">print
python color1">self
python plain">.my_session[
python string">'c_user'
python plain">]
python spaces">
python functions">print
python color1">self
python plain">.my_session[
python string">'c_card'
python plain">]
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">'index'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.render(
python string">'login.html'
python plain">,
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">{
python string">'status'
python plain">: ''})
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">post(
python color1">self
python plain">,
python keyword">*
python plain">args,
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">kwargs):
python spaces">
python spaces">
python plain">username
python keyword">=
python color1">self
python plain">.get_argument(
python string">'name'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">password
python keyword">=
python color1">self
python plain">.get_argument(
python string">'pwd'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">username
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">'wupeiqi'
python keyword">and
python plain">password
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">'123'
python plain">:
python spaces">
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.my_session[
python string">'c_user'
python plain">]
python keyword">=
python string">'wupeiqi'
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.my_session[
python string">'c_card'
python plain">]
python keyword">=
python string">'12312312309823012'
python spaces">
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.redirect(
python string">'/index'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python keyword">else
python plain">:
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.render(
python string">'login.html'
python plain">,
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">{
python string">'status'
python plain">:
python string">'用户名或密码错误'
python plain">})
python spaces">
python plain">settings
python keyword">=
python plain">{
python spaces">
python string">'template_path'
python plain">:
python string">'template'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'static_path'
python plain">:
python string">'static'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'static_url_prefix'
python plain">:
python string">'/static/'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'cookie_secret'
python plain">:
python string">'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'login_url'
python plain">:
python string">'/login'
python plain">}
python spaces">
python plain">application
python keyword">=
python plain">tornado.web.Application([
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/index"
python plain">, MainHandler),
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/login"
python plain">, LoginHandler),
python plain">],
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">settings)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">__name__
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">"__main__"
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">application.listen(
python value">8888
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
c. Session框架
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import sys import math from bisect import bisect if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): import hashlib md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else: import md5 md5_constructor = md5.new class HashRing(object): """一致性哈希""" def __init__(self,nodes): '''初始化 nodes : 初始化的节点,其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重 默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点 对于权重,通过多创建虚拟节点来实现 如:nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ''' self.ring = dict() self._sorted_keys = [] self.total_weight = 0 self.__generate_circle(nodes) def __generate_circle(self,nodes): for node_info in nodes: self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1) for node_info in nodes: weight = node_info.get('weight',1) node = node_info.get('host',None) virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def add_node(self,node): ''' 新建节点 node : 要添加的节点,格式为:{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},其中第一个元素表示节点,第二个元素表示该节点的权重。 ''' node = node.get('host',None) if not node: raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.') weight = node.get('weight',1) self.total_weight += weight nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def remove_node(self,node): ''' 移除节点 node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000' ''' for key,value in self.ring.items(): if value == node: del self.ring[key] self._sorted_keys.remove(key) def get_node(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点''' pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) if pos is None: return None return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':') def get_node_pos(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引''' if not self.ring: return None key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key) nodes = self._sorted_keys pos = bisect(nodes, key) return pos def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return long(m.hexdigest(), 16) def gen_key_sixteen(self,key): b_key = self.__hash_digest(key) return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) def __hash_digest(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return map(ord, m.digest()) """ nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result """
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
from hashlib import sha1 import os, time create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() class Session(object): session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__(self, request): session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) if not session_value: self._id = create_session_id() else: self._id = session_value request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) def __getitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 找到相对应的redis服务器,如: r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0) # 使用python redis api 链接 # 获取数据,即: # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 使用python redis api 链接 # 设置session # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value) def __delitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器 # 使用python redis api 链接 # 删除,即: return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
2、自定义模型版定
模型绑定有两个主要功能:
- 自动生成html表单
- 用户输入验证
在之前学习的Django中为程序员提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能,但是在Tornado中,一切需要自己动手!!!
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> <form action="/index" method="post"> <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p> <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p> <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p> <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
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python comments">#!/usr/bin/env python
python comments"># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
python spaces">
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.ioloop
python keyword">import
python plain">tornado.web
python keyword">from
python plain">hashlib
python keyword">import
python plain">sha1
python keyword">import
python plain">os, time
python keyword">import
python plain">re
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainForm(
python functions">object
python plain">):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">__init__(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.host
python keyword">=
python string">"(.*)"
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.ip
python keyword">=
python string">"^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.port
python keyword">=
python string">'(\d+)'
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.phone
python keyword">=
python string">'^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">check_valid(
python color1">self
python plain">, request):
python spaces">
python plain">form_dict
python keyword">=
python color1">self
python plain">.__dict__
python spaces">
python keyword">for
python plain">key, regular
python keyword">in
python plain">form_dict.items():
python spaces">
python plain">post_value
python keyword">=
python plain">request.get_argument(key)
python spaces">
python comments"># 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
python spaces">
python plain">ret
python keyword">=
python plain">re.match(regular, post_value)
python spaces">
python functions">print
python plain">key,ret,post_value
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">class
python plain">MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">get(
python color1">self
python plain">):
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.render(
python string">'index.html'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python keyword">def
python plain">post(
python color1">self
python plain">,
python keyword">*
python plain">args,
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">kwargs):
python spaces">
python plain">obj
python keyword">=
python plain">MainForm()
python spaces">
python plain">result
python keyword">=
python plain">obj.check_valid(
python color1">self
python plain">)
python spaces">
python color1">self
python plain">.write(
python string">'ok'
python plain">)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python spaces">
python plain">settings
python keyword">=
python plain">{
python spaces">
python string">'template_path'
python plain">:
python string">'template'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'static_path'
python plain">:
python string">'static'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'static_url_prefix'
python plain">:
python string">'/static/'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'cookie_secret'
python plain">:
python string">'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
python plain">,
python spaces">
python string">'login_url'
python plain">:
python string">'/login'
python plain">}
python spaces">
python plain">application
python keyword">=
python plain">tornado.web.Application([
python spaces">
python plain">(r
python string">"/index"
python plain">, MainHandler),
python plain">],
python keyword">*
python keyword">*
python plain">settings)
python spaces">
python spaces">
python keyword">if
python plain">__name__
python keyword">=
python keyword">=
python string">"__main__"
python plain">:
python spaces">
python plain">application.listen(
python value">8888
python plain">)
python spaces">
python plain">tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
由于请求的验证时,需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用,所以:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import re class Field(object): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required): self.id_valid = False self.value = None self.error = None self.name = None self.error_msg = error_msg_dict self.required = required def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) if ret: self.id_valid = True self.value = ret.group() else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class IPField(Field): REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class IntegerField(Field): REGULAR = "^\d+$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class CheckBoxField(Field): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: if isinstance(name, list): self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class FileField(Field): REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name self.value = [] if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: m = re.compile(self.REGULAR) if isinstance(value, list): for file_name in value: r = m.match(file_name) if r: self.value.append(r.group()) self.id_valid = True else: self.id_valid = False if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name break else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name def save(self, request, upload_path=""): file_metas = request.files[self.name] for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) class Form(object): def __init__(self): self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} self.valid_status = True def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""): self.initialize() self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key) def initialize(self): pass def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key): """ 验证用户表单请求的数据 :param form_obj: Form对象(Form派生类的对象) :param request: Http请求上下文(用于从请求中获取用户提交的值) :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持 :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀(多层Form时,内部递归时设置,无需理会) :return: 是否验证通过,True:验证成功;False:验证失败 """ depth -= 1 if depth < 0: return None form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__ for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items(): print key,field_obj if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field): if isinstance(field_obj, Form): # 获取以key开头的所有的值,以参数的形式传至 self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key) continue if pre_key: key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key) if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField): post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None) elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField): post_value = [] file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None) for file_item in file_list: post_value.append(file_item['filename']) else: post_value = request.get_argument(key, None) print post_value # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 field_obj.match(key, post_value) if field_obj.id_valid: self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value else: self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error self.valid_status = False class ListForm(object): def __init__(self, form_type): self.form_type = form_type self.valid_status = True self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} def validate(self, request): name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys() index = 0 flag = False while True: pre_key = "[%d]" % index for name in name_list: if name.startswith(pre_key): flag = True break if flag: form_obj = self.form_type() form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index) if form_obj.valid_status: self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict else: self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict self.valid_status = False else: break index += 1 flag = False class MainForm(Form): def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.port = IntegerField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # self.second = SecondForm() self.fff = FileField(required=True) super(MainForm, self).__init__() # # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__() class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): # for i in dir(self.request): # print i # print self.request.arguments # print self.request.files # print self.request.query # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # list_form = ListForm(MainForm) # list_form.validate(self) # # print list_form.valid_status # print list_form.value_dict # print list_form.error_dict # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # # print "验证结果:", obj.valid_status # print "符合验证结果:", obj.value_dict # print "错误信息:" # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items(): # print key,item # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor')) # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor')) # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff') # print self.request.files # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # print self.request,type(self.request) # obj.fff.save(self.request) # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files) # print len(self.request.files.get('fff')) # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # obj.fff.save(self.request) self.write('ok') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()